The cerro lindo mine is the largest underground mine in peru, currently mining more than 20,000 tonnes day. The field data from sublevel caving method, applied in the ore bodies tilva ros and p 2a of jama bor, were very helpful. In vertical retreat mining the stope does not take the shape of a vertical slot. Pdf economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. In chemistry, sublevels refer to energies associated with electrons.
Mechanized under ground mines, mechanized open pit mines. Sublevel stoping mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. Solve this linear system of equations by the substitution method. Shrinkage stoping is a shorthole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. The substitution method for solving recurrences is famously described using two steps. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. When we change the variable, we also change the limits of integration. The subgradient method is a very simple algorithm for minimizing a nondi. In mathematics, a level set of a realvalued function f of n real variables is a set of the form. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Sub level stoping by jose cifuentes orellana on prezi. Shortwall stoping versus sublevel longwall cavingretreat in eli coal fieds drawback of the clay, vehicles face the danger of sinking into the floor. Sublevel definition of sublevel by the free dictionary.
Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat stoping introduction application developmental sequence of stopes production how cratering works. Design and operation of caving and sublevel stoping mines. This is a highly specialized me thod of stoping requiring expert input. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Sub level open stoping how is sub level open stoping. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. So a level curve is the set of all realvalued solutions of an equation in two. Mining method design, presented in this paper, is the result of long year investigation in the area of sublevel caving and sublevel stopping mining methods. You must estimate or obtain binary parameters from experimental data, such as phase equilibrium data. Activity coefficient method 6 advantages and disadvantages the activity coefficient method is the best way to represent highly nonideal liquid mixtures at low pressures. However, if the changes on 12 september 20, dnv and gl merged to form dnv gl group.
Im wondering if there are any really fast speed solvers using waterman. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. Other articles where sublevel stoping is discussed. Here xk is the kth iterate, gk is any subgradient of f at xk, and. Main horizontal course or direction of a mineral deposit. Sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Capsula sub level stoping mem nube minera duration. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. In physics, sublevels may also refer to energies associated with the nucleus.
The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. Underground excavation made by removing ore from surrounding rock. Structural design of offshore units wsd method dnv gl as changes current changes current general this document supersedes dnvosc201, october 2014. Development of the infrastructure for both these stoping methods is. The method looks very much like the ordinary gradient method for di. Bighole stoping method bighole stoping is an upscaled variant of sublevel open stoping, using longer, largerdiameter dth blastholes, ranging from 140 mm to 165 mm. Igag cnr, torino italy 2 nitrex srl, sirmione bs, italy 3 politecnico di torino ditag, italy 4 unicalce, sedrina bg, italy. Substruction is a strategy to critique the theory and methodology of research.
It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659 stopes in the 3000 orebody of xstrata copper operations mount isa mine, located in. Niels bohrs earliest quantum theory said that electrons occupy spherical shells centered on the atomic nucleus, such as the two electron. The shrinkage stoping method is most suitable for lode deposits 0. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Design and operation of caving and sublevel stoping mines stewart, daniel r. Recall that a subgradient of f at x is any vector g that satis. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping. In sublevel stoping, shorter blastholes are drilled from sublevels located at shorter vertical intervals along the vertical stope. Shrinkage stoping article about shrinkage stoping by the. Plug this into either of the original given equations. It is a process whereby a researcher identifies the major variables in a study, analyzes the levels of abstraction among the variables, identifies hypothesized relationships between. Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour.
Longhole sublevel stoping, often referred to as sublevel open stoping and blast hole stoping is a commonly used method in large scale mining. The uniaxial compressive strength of the hangingwall is around 1 100 kgcm2. About copper mining and mining photo from copper mines in india by n g nair manager mines malanjkhand copper project. The sublevel stoping method was used with paste backfill, which had been experiencing overexcavation issues at the hangingwall and the front wall of the stopes. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. Optimising sublevel stoping dimensions in orebodies. The fast marc hing method use the fact that the front propagates outward tag known values and update neighboring t values using the difference approximation pick unknown with smallest t will not be affected by other unknowns update new neighbors and repeat until all nodes are known store unknowns in priority queue, onlogn performance for n nodes. Theory, algorithms, and applications level set methods for. Theory, algorithms, and applications of level set methods for propagating interfaces.
What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. A sublevel is an energy level defined by quantum theory. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. Sublevel stoping generally is a largescale open stoping method. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions.
Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. This high strength causes the occurrence of big blocks4. Mining method evaluation and dilution control in kittila mine core. This method is similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. This method is especially powerful when we encounter recurrences that are nontrivial and unreadable via the master theorem.
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Spring 2009 for information about citing these materials. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Dilution, narrowvein stoping, underground mining, electronic. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large ore bodies with a steep dip, regular shape, and defined ore bodies. Blast patterns are similar to sublevel open stoping, but with holes up to 100 m long. Figure 3 sublevel open stoping method atlas copco, 2007 3. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method.
Thus, at each iteration of the subgradient method, we take a step in the direction of a negative subgradient. Being classified into sublevel open stoping and stage open stoping according to the stage height, sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling is being more and more widely used because of its safety and efficiency. Sublevel stoping is a method that requires a lot of predevelopment, but this is partly offset by the fact that most of the development is located inside the orebody. The name of the esub or epsub program must be a valid file name. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Rating is available when the video has been rented. We can use the substitution method to establish both upper and lower bounds on recurrences.